2.2 $\mathtt{FastArrayStack}$: An Optimized ArrayStack

Much of the work done by an $\mathtt{ArrayStack}$ involves shifting (by $\mathtt{add(i,x)}$ and $\mathtt{remove(i)}$) and copying (by $\mathtt{resize()}$) of data. In the implementations shown above, this was done using $\mathtt{for}$ loops. It turns out that many programming environments have specific functions that are very efficient at copying and moving blocks of data. In the C programming language, there are the $\mathtt{memcpy(d,s,n)}$ and $\mathtt{memmove(d,s,n)}$ functions. In C++ there is the $\mathtt{std::copy(a0,a1,b)}$ and algorithm. In Java there is the $\mathtt{System.arraycopy(s,i,d,j,n)}$ method.

  void resize() {
    array<T> b(max(1, 2*n));
    std::copy(a+0, a+n, b+0);
    a = b;
  }
  void add(int i, T x) {
    if (n + 1 > a.length) resize();
    std::copy_backward(a+i, a+n, a+n);
    a[i] = x;
    n++;
  }

These functions are usually highly optimized and may even use special machine instructions that can do this copying much faster than we could by using a $\mathtt{for}$ loop. Although using these functions does not asymptotically decrease the running times, it can still be a worthwhile optimization. In the C++ implementations here, the use of the native $\mathtt{std::copy(a0,a1,b)}$ resulted in speedups of a factor between 2 and 3, depending on the types of operations performed. Your mileage may vary.